Engineering Optimization of Safranin Dye Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Tamara Luay

doi:10.71229/c78hwh27

Authors

Tamara Luay Rasool Dams and Water Resources Department, College of Engineering, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2351-0206

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.71229/c78hwh27

Keywords:

Batch treatment, , Decolorization,, Operating envelope, , Polyelectrolyte association, , Resource efficiency

Abstract

We evaluated the engineering performance of safranin-treated sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) through five batch-treatment screening series with 26 positive-setting observations. We assessed the engineering performance of safranin treatment with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose using four different methods: descriptive response analysis, discrete feasibility screening, resource-performance comparison, and monotonicity diagnostic. Different series showed a maximum removal of 99% at concentration set point 20, contact time 10 min, dose 0.5 g/L, pH 8, and mixing set point 120, respectively. These are individual maxima and were not mutually confirmed as an operating condition. Reported removal for a dose of 0.3 g/L was 96%, and 40% less polymer was used than for a dose of 0.5 g/L. The contact-time response dropped from 99% at 10 min to 83% at 90 min, with a minimum root-mean-squared difference of 5.09 percentage points from any nondecreasing sequence, challenging a simple irreversible-uptake interpretation. This concentration series also showed a high-setting response of only 8%, which significantly altered the inferred loading behavior. Raw absorbance data and dimensional and statistical inferences were hindered by missing concentration and mixing units and replicate measurements. As the treatment polymer is water soluble, the percentages given are operational removal responses, because the amount of dye removal was not explained and verified separately. The analysis identifies candidates for further testing, clarifies the dose-performance trade-off, and distinguishes among apparent decolorization, association in the polymer, and physical separation requirements.

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